Andrew Rein, president of the watchdog Citizens Budget Commission, said the city is using some of the federal aid wisely to support one-time fiscal and programmatic needs, including academic recovery, Summer Rising and the emergency food program.

Still, he added, recurring programs such as universal 3-K pre-kindergarten lack resources in the future.

“No matter how worthy the programs may be, this sets them up to fall off future budget cliffs since there are no efforts to identify efficiencies that could generate the resources to support the programs over time.”